Ancient Civilization Of Pakistan:

The man started his early life in the jungle; he took shelter in the caves, and used the stone as a weapon of offense and defense. He hunted animals for food. This was the condition in about all the areas of the world.

The land of Pakistan had the honor to be parallel with other ancient civilizations, like Egyptian and Greece. The ancient civilization of Pakistan is known as Indus Valley Civilization because it mostly exists near the river Indus. This area is irrigated by the river Indus.

Indus Valley Civilization:

Indus Valley is an area that is irrigated by the river Indus and its tributaries. This area is now called Pakistan. According to the archeologists, Indus Valley civilization is dated back to 3250 B.C. The term Indus Valley Civilization is applied to the civilization that existed at the places Harapa in Shawl and Mohan-Jo-Daro in Hyderabad districts.

The Archeologists conducted the excavation of these areas in 1922; it revealed that the Indus Valley civilization is as old as the earlier known civilizations like Egyptian and Greek civilizations. The findings of these places have added new and glorious chapters to the history of this region. The experts are of the opinion that over five thousand years ago, this valley was inhabited by a cultured race.

Findings at Mohan Jo Daro and Harapa:

Important traces came to light when the excavation was made at Mohan jo Daro and Harapa. Buildings, lanes, streets, bazaars, drains, and public baths of these cities have been discovered. In addition to this many other things like pottery, statues, coins, metal objects, combs, needles made of bones, and jewelry made of precious stones have been found, which throw light on the culture and civilization of that period.

Cities and Buildings:

According to the discoveries of archeologists, it is evident that this place was inhabited by a cultured and civilized race for several centuries. These were well-planned cities. Streets were wide, there were lanes. Streets were built of bricks and stones. The buildings were plain but dignified. Upper stories have been also discovered, each house had its own doors and windows. There were excellent draining arrangements. A big hall has also been discovered, the archeologists are of the opinion that the hall was a place for public gatherings for worship or any religious event. There is a brick tank, which is 93 feet in length 23 feet in width, and 8 feet in depth. It is a very remarkable finding which proves that the inhabitants of Mohen jo Daro were experts in town planning.

Toys, Pottery, Textiles, Ornaments, Weapons, and Seals:

Models of birds, animals, men, women, cattle, or carts made of clay have been discovered, which proves that the children were given toys to play with. The household pottery made of bronze, mud, and copper has been found. It has been proved that people used to wear clothes made of wool and cotton, man used to wear a long shawl. The women rich as well as poor, used jewelry such as necklaces, earrings, and anklets. The rich people used gold, silver or precious stones, while the poor class used Jewelry made of copper and bones.

The people of the Indus Valley Civilization were not experts in warfare which is why the foreigners attacked them and conquered this area. Somehow the weapons for hunting animals have been found. There were maces, axes, daggers, spears, bows, and arrows, but no swords. Seals have been also discovered, on many seals, writings have been written in a script, that has not been translated yet.

The religion of the people:

The people of the Indus Valley Civilization worshiped statues. The statue of women is commonly found, which states that she was a Goddess and they used to bury their dead ones.

Gandhara Art Civilization:

The remains of the Gandhara art Civilization have been found at several places in Dir, Sawat, Rawalpindi, and Peshawar. This Civilization existed about 2500 years ago. The ancient city of Bheer mound is also located in the Gandhara civilization.

Taxila as Centre of Gandhara Art Civilization:

Taxila is a center of Gandhara art Civilization. Taxila was a center of learning philosophy and art. There was a University here where students from other countries used to come to get an education. Gandhara art was the center of Buddhist culture. This Civilization flourished for about one thousand years. In the days of Ashoka, Taxila emerged as the permanent center of learning.